How does socioeconomic status influence intelligence?

Socioeconomic status (SES) significantly affects intelligence chiefly by influencing access to resources and education. Individuals from higher socioeconomic backgrounds often have better access to quality educational institutions, extracurricular activities, tutoring, and other learning resources that can enhance cognitive abilities. They typically grow up in environments rich in language and learning opportunities, which can foster intellectual development.

Additionally, children in lower socioeconomic conditions may face various challenges, such as limited access to books, technology, and stimulating educational experiences, all of which can impede cognitive development. Furthermore, stressors associated with economic hardship, such as instability and lack of support, can negatively impact mental well-being and cognitive performance, further illustrating the relationship between SES and intelligence.

Given these factors, the correct answer reflects that socioeconomic status plays a critical role in shaping educational and cognitive outcomes through the avenues of resource access and educational quality.