In the context of intelligence, what do limitations in cognitive functioning signify?

Limitations in cognitive functioning are primarily associated with defining intellectual disabilities. Intellectual disabilities reflect significant impairments in cognitive capabilities that affect an individual's ability to learn, adapt, and function in daily life. These limitations can include challenges with reasoning, problem-solving, planning, abstract thinking, and learning from experience, which are core components of intelligence.

Intellectual disabilities are classified by an IQ score significantly below average (typically below 70) combined with difficulties in adaptive functioning, which refers to how well a person manages everyday skills. This definition encompasses a range of conditions and levels of severity, highlighting how cognitive limitations manifest in both academic and practical areas of life.

Understanding this concept helps further differentiate it from other potential influences on cognitive functioning, such as environmental or temporary factors, and establishes a clearer framework for recognizing and addressing the unique needs of individuals with intellectual disabilities.