What does an intelligence quotient (IQ) indicate?

An intelligence quotient (IQ) is primarily designed to indicate an individual's cognitive abilities in relation to the average abilities of people within the same age group. The IQ score is calculated using standardized tests that assess various cognitive skills, including problem-solving, logical reasoning, and verbal comprehension. The score is then compared to the average scores of the same demographic, meaning it indicates where an individual stands relative to others. A score of 100 is considered average, with variations above or below this number representing higher or lower cognitive abilities relative to the average population.

This concept highlights the norm-referenced nature of IQ tests, emphasizing that the score reflects comparative performance rather than an absolute measure or overarching indicator of an individual's potential across all areas, such as creativity or emotional stability. Rather than being a fixed measure over time, the IQ can vary, influenced by factors such as environment, education, and life experiences.