Which psychologist believed intelligence is primarily inherited rather than shaped by the environment?

The belief that intelligence is primarily inherited rather than shaped by environmental factors is closely associated with Francis Galton. Galton, a pioneer in the field of eugenics and the study of human differences, conducted extensive research on hereditary traits and their impact on intelligence. He posited that intelligence had a strong genetic component, stemming from family lineage. His work laid the groundwork for later theories that explored the genetic basis of intelligence, emphasizing heredity's role.

In contrast, other psychologists mentioned have different views. For example, David Wechsler focused on the measurement of intelligence through standardized tests and the influence of various factors on cognitive abilities. Louis Terman is known for his work on the Stanford-Binet test and further development of the concept of IQ, which did not emphasize purely inherited intelligence. Charles Spearman introduced the concept of a general intelligence, or "g," suggesting that intelligence consists of a single underlying ability but still considering various influences, including environmental factors, on individual performance. Galton's specific emphasis on inheritance distinguishes him from these other figures in psychology.